Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y

Douglas McGregor in his book, "The Human Side of Enterprise" published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls Theory X and Theory Y.

Theory X:

• Theory X people are naturally lazy and will do as little as possible. They must be forced with the threat of punishment to deliver results for their organization, and they often prefer to be directed.
• Theory X people want to avoid responsibility; they are relatively unambitious and want security more than anything. As managers, they tend to be results- and deadline-driven and have an authoritarian style of management.

Theory Y

• Theory Y people apply self-control and self-direction in the pursuit of organizational objectives. They are committed to objectives as a function of rewards associated with their achievement, and they often seek and accept more responsibility.
• Theory Y people have the capacity to use a high degree of imagination, ingenuity, and creativity in solving organizational problems. Often their intellectual potential is only partly utilized. They use a participative style of management.